Extracting chip embedded firmware is a complex process that involves accessing the secured data stored within a microcontroller (MCU) or microprocessor. Whether for reverse engineering, recovery, or duplication, several techniques can be used to crack protected firmware, but they often require advanced technical skills.
1. Desencapsular o Chip O desencapsulamento físico envolve a remoção do revestimento protetor do chip para expor o chip de silício. Isso permite que invasores sondem a memória (EEPROM, Flash) diretamente e extraiam os dados binários. 2. Descartar o Conteúdo da Memória Usando ferramentas como um programador ou um analisador lógico, os hackers podem descarregar o firmware do chip. Se o MCU estiver bloqueado, eles podem precisar contornar fusíveis de segurança ou usar falhas de tensão para quebrar a proteção. 3. Descriptografar o Firmware Criptografado Muitos chips modernos armazenam firmware criptografado para impedir acesso não autorizado. Os invasores podem usar ataques de canal lateral ou técnicas de injeção de falhas para recuperar as chaves de criptografia e decodificar o código-fonte. 4. Clonar ou replicar o firmware Uma vez extraído, o firmware pode ser copiado e replicado em outro chip. Isso é comum em eletrônicos falsificados, onde hackers duplicam firmware protegido para clonar dispositivos.
Common Methods to Extract Firmware
1. Decapsulate the Chip
Physical decapsulation involves removing the protective casing of the chip to expose the silicon die. This allows attackers to probe the memory (EEPROM, Flash) directly and extract the binary data.
2. Dump Memory Contents
Using tools like a programmer or a logic analyzer, hackers can dump the firmware from the chip. If the MCU is locked, they may need to bypass security fuses or use voltage glitching to break the protection.
3. Decrypt Encrypted Firmware
Many modern chips store encrypted firmware to prevent unauthorized access. Attackers may use side-channel attacks or fault injection techniques to recover the encryption keys and decode the source code.
4. Clone or Replicate the Firmware
Once extracted, the firmware can be copied and replicated onto another chip. This is common in counterfeit electronics, where hackers duplicate secured firmware to clone devices.
5. Reverse Engineering Binary Files
After dumping the firmware, reverse engineering tools can decompile the binary into readable code. This helps attackers understand the program’s logic and modify it for malicious purposes.
1. Dekapsulacja chipa Fizyczna dekapsulacja polega na usunięciu ochronnej obudowy chipa w celu odsłonięcia krzemowej matrycy. Umożliwia to atakującym bezpośrednie zbadanie pamięci (EEPROM, Flash) i wyodrębnienie danych binarnych. 2. Zrzut zawartości pamięci Hakerzy mogą zrzucić oprogramowanie układowe z chipa za pomocą narzędzi, takich jak programista lub analizator logiczny. Jeśli MCU jest zablokowany, mogą potrzebować ominąć bezpieczniki bezpieczeństwa lub użyć zakłóceń napięcia, aby złamać ochronę. 3. Odszyfrowywanie zaszyfrowanego oprogramowania układowego Wiele nowoczesnych chipów przechowuje zaszyfrowane oprogramowanie układowe, aby zapobiec nieautoryzowanemu dostępowi. Atakujący mogą używać ataków kanału bocznego lub technik wstrzykiwania błędów, aby odzyskać klucze szyfrujące i zdekodować kod źródłowy. 4. Klonowanie lub replikowanie oprogramowania układowego Po wyodrębnieniu oprogramowanie układowe można skopiować i zreplikować na innym chipie. Jest to powszechne w przypadku podrabianych urządzeń elektronicznych, gdzie hakerzy kopiują zabezpieczone oprogramowanie układowe, aby klonować urządzenia.
Extract Chip embedded firmware from encrypted system need to go through a series of complicate processes. Chip Extraction can be used to understand the semiconductor chip internal structure and functions technology. As for ASIC chip, chip extract means it can obtain all the information relates to all the transistors and internal connection locations.
In order to success, need to have the integrated circuit design knowledge. Layer structure of chip must be extracted one by one, and take photos to acquire the internal structure of chip extraction. Finally, processing all the acquired information, create a standard netlist file for the stimulation of semiconductor chip. It is a long and time consuming process for chip extraction, and some companies can take it as a standardize process.
When we start to extract chip on the smartcard and microcontroller, need to know the chip structure and program code to understand how it is work. And need to understand where the chip extract can be connected and related to security, if we can encrypt the data bus in the chip before extraction, we need to extract the response of HARDWARE.
1. Yongayı Kapsülden Çıkarma Fiziksel kapsülden çıkarma, silikon kalıbı açığa çıkarmak için yonganın koruyucu kılıfının çıkarılmasını içerir. Bu, saldırganların belleği (EEPROM, Flash) doğrudan araştırmasına ve ikili verileri çıkarmasına olanak tanır. 2. Bellek İçeriğini Dökme Bir programcı veya mantık analizörü gibi araçlar kullanarak, bilgisayar korsanları aygıt yazılımını yongadan dökebilir. MCU kilitliyse, korumayı kırmak için güvenlik sigortalarını atlamaları veya voltaj hatası kullanmaları gerekebilir. 3. Şifrelenmiş Aygıt Yazılımını Şifresini Çözme Birçok modern yonga, yetkisiz erişimi önlemek için şifrelenmiş aygıt yazılımı depolar. Saldırganlar, şifreleme anahtarlarını kurtarmak ve kaynak kodunu çözmek için yan kanal saldırıları veya hata enjeksiyon teknikleri kullanabilir. 4. Yazılımı Klonlayın veya Çoğaltın Çıkarıldıktan sonra, yazılım kopyalanabilir ve başka bir çipe çoğaltılabilir. Bu, bilgisayar korsanlarının cihazları klonlamak için güvenli yazılımı kopyaladığı sahte elektroniklerde yaygındır.
Finally, extract and acquire the content inside the memorizer and disassemble the functions of chip. Extract chip like CPLD or FPGA could be a little bit of difference, since even if the protection has been removed, in order to get the flow file from these chips we need to spend time and energy to convert them into logic formula and simple blocks to proceed the future analog and analysis.
